Sport diplomacy of the Holy See during the pontificate of Pope Francis

Abstract

The article examines the Holy See’s sports diplomacy as an innovative instrument of public diplomacy and the implementation of soft power, which gained particular significance during the pontificate of Pope Francis. It demonstrates that the unique international-legal status of the Vatican as a microstate with limited material resources necessitates the use of specialized forms of foreign policy activity, among which sport has become an effective mechanism for humanitarian influence and the formation of an international image. Under the leadership of Pope Francis, sports diplomacy was institutionalized: dedicated structures were established, interdepartmental coordination intensified, and participation in global sports initiatives and cross-sectoral programs aimed at peacebuilding, inclusion, and social cohesion was expanded. The evolution of the Catholic Church’s cultural and sports diplomacy is explored, highlighting the shift from primarily amateur forms to systematic engagement in international federations and humanitarian projects. Special attention is given to the concept of “Christian sport” as a normative foundation for the Holy See’s diplomatic activity, representing the values of solidarity, dignity, cooperation, and moral responsibility, while also serving as a communicative resource in the global arena. Key Vatican initiatives are analyzed, including the establishment of Athletica Vaticana, the development of sports-humanitarian programs, and cooperation with international organizations. The study shows that sports diplomacy extends beyond the religious sphere, transforming into a politically relevant instrument of public diplomacy that ensures the Holy See’s presence in the global humanitarian discourse, shapes its positive image, and enhances its capacity to influence global social and cultural processes.