Diplomacy of solidarity: the evolution of Ukrainian-Irish relations after the full-scale invasion of the russian federation

Abstract

The article is devoted to the analysis of the transformation of Ukrainian-Irish relations during the period 2022–2025 against the backdrop of the Russian Federation's full-scale aggression against Ukraine. Solidarity diplomacy, which emerged as a response to the war, became a key vector of partnership, transforming traditionally restrained bilateral ties into strategic cooperation in political, humanitarian, and security spheres. The objective of the study is a political science analysis of the evolution of relations from formal recognition (1991–1992) to the approval of a partnership roadmap for 2025–2030. The task setting encompasses the examination of key stages: the first visit of President of Ukraine V. Zelenskyy to Ireland (2025), the announcement of aid packages (energy – €25 million, non-lethal military – €100 million, humanitarian), support for Ukraine's EU integration during Ireland's presidency of the Council of the EU (2026), and joint positions on sanctions against the Russian Federation, frozen assets, and reparations. The authors apply the comparative method, contrasting Irish neutrality (a tradition of non-zero participation in UN peacekeeping) with Ukrainian challenges of hybrid warfare. Particular attention is paid to the role of Prime Minister M. Martin and Tánaiste S. McDonald in shaping "solidarity diplomacy": from receiving refugees (over 100,000 Ukrainians) to financing shelters in schools and free meals. Bilateral agreements (6 interdepartmental documents) and consultations of Political Directors of Ministries of Foreign Affairs (since 2002, intensified in 2024) are analyzed. The novelty lies in the systematization of post-war dynamics: from honorary consulates (2000) to full-fledged embassies (Ukraine in Ireland – 2003, Ireland in Ukraine – 2021). Practical value – recommendations for Ukraine: deepening energy partnership (taking into account Irish experience of "green" transformation), expanding security guarantees, and joint initiatives in the Council of Europe. The article refutes the thesis of Ireland's "neutral indifference," proving its contribution to "peace in terms of justice." The theoretical framework includes J. Nye's concepts of "soft power" and "solidarity diplomacy" in a small state. Conclusions emphasize: Ukrainian-Irish partnership is a model for EU candidates, where neutrality is combined with the principles of freedom, democracy, and the right to choose.